第1章 — 句子成分與八大詞類的概念
造句就像組裝樂高積木。用語言描繪世界的景象、情境和現象,稱為「故事」;構成故事的最基本語言單位,稱為「句子」。句子成分(主語、述語、受詞、補語、背景)是樂高的「框架(Frame)」,詞類則是依照每個詞的功能與意義分類的樂高「積木塊(Blocks)」。英語有八大詞類(名詞、代名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介系詞、連接詞、感嘆詞),也是全球文法圖解的基準語言。在許多基本英語敘述句中,掃描順序(①主語②動詞③對象④背景)有助於分析句子成分,但實際語序可能因句子而異。
八大詞類的概念與例句
名詞依可數性可分為可數名詞(a book, two chairs)與不可數名詞(如 money)。專有名詞(Tom)、抽象名詞(hope)與物質名詞則屬於依其他標準所作的分類。代名詞分為指示代名詞(this/that)、人稱代名詞(I/mine)及不定代名詞(one/another)。動詞有三類:be動詞、一般動詞和情態助動詞(心靈的力量:can/will/may/must/should);形容詞可以修飾名詞,也可以擔任狀態對象補語。
| 詞類 | 說明 | 英語例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 名詞(Noun) | 人、事物、地點的名稱 | a book, Tom, Seoul |
1. Tom is driving a car. | ||
2. The cat is in the garden. | ||
3. Let's go to Seoul. | ||
| 代名詞(Pronoun) | 代替名詞的詞 | he, mine, everyone |
4. Tom drank most of the juice that he bought. | ||
5. His plan sounds just as exciting as mine. | ||
6. Everyone is welcome to join the party. | ||
| 動詞(Verb) | 動作、狀態(be動詞/一般動詞/情態助動詞) | is, played, can do |
7. We played football. | ||
8. Tom is tired. | ||
9. I feel ill. | ||
| 形容詞(Adjective) | 修飾名詞或擔任狀態對象補語 | beautiful, tired |
10. Look at the beautiful girl. | ||
11. Nan is beautiful. | ||
| 副詞(Adverb) | 修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞 | very, never, there |
12. Tom runs very fast. | ||
13. I never drink coffee. | ||
14. We will go there tomorrow. | ||
| 介系詞(Preposition) | 置於名詞前,表示時間、地點或方向 | on, at, in, for |
15. My book is on the desk. | ||
16. The cat on the roof is cute. | ||
17. I am proud of my mother. | ||
| 連接詞(Conjunction) | 連接詞、片語與子句 | and, when |
18. I like cats and dogs. | ||
19. You can call me when you need my help. | ||
| 感嘆詞(Interjection) | 表達情感 | Oops, Shh |
20. Oops, it's cold in here. | ||
21. Shh! Please don't talk during the film. | ||
句子成分 — 9槽位、6色圖解
①主語→②動詞→③對象→④背景是全球文法圖解的基本掃描順序。受詞與名詞補語(補語1)以黃色表示為一般對象(General Target),狀態對象補語(補語2)以桃色表示為狀態對象(State Target)。兩種類型都使用對象區域;實際結構與元素數量依各句已核准的分析結構而定。
句子成分的掃描順序
- ①主語
- ②動詞
- ③對象
- ④背景
| 成分 | 顏色 | 說明 |
|---|---|---|
| 主語(Subject) | 紅色 | 句子的主角 |
22. Salt is essential to life. | ||
23. Tom and Nan are in the classroom. | ||
24. How to do it is more important than what to do. | ||
| 動詞(Verb) | 藍色 | 主角的動作或情況 |
25. He did his best. | ||
26. My dad has been to Japan. | ||
27. I can do whatever you want. | ||
| 受詞/補語1(一般對象) | 黃色 | 承受動作的對象、名詞補語 |
28. I ate a banana in the morning. | ||
29. My mom gave me a banana in the morning. | ||
| 補語2(狀態對象) | 桃色 | 說明主語狀態或特徵的補語(例如例句031中的 tall and handsome)。 |
30. He is an English teacher. | ||
31. He is tall and handsome. | ||
32. You can call me a teacher. | ||
33. She makes me happy. | ||
| 副詞1—背景(Background) | 綠色 | 時間、地點、伴隨 |
| 副詞2—抽象目的(Abstract) | 棕色 | 看不見的目的(為了~) |