第1章 — 句子成分与八大词类的概念
造句就像搭乐高积木。用语言描绘世界的景象、情境和现象,称为“故事”;构成故事的最基本语言单位,称为“句子”。句子成分(主语、谓语、宾语、补语、背景)是乐高的“框架(Frame)”,词类则是按照各个词的功能和意义分类的乐高“积木块(Blocks)”。英语有八大词类(名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词),也是全球语法图解的基准语言。在许多基本英语陈述句中,扫描顺序(①主语②动词③对象④背景)有助于分析句子成分,但实际词序可能因句子而异。
八大词类的概念与例句
名词按可数性可分为可数名词(a book, two chairs)和不可数名词(如 money)。专有名词(Tom)、抽象名词(hope)和物质名词则属于依据其他标准作出的分类。代词分为指示代词(this/that)、人称代词(I/mine)和不定代词(one/another)。动词有三类:be动词、实义动词和情态动词(心灵的力量:can/will/may/must/should);形容词可以修饰名词,也可以充当状态对象补语。
| 词类 | 说明 | 英语示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词(Noun) | 人、事物、地点的名称 | a book, Tom, Seoul |
1. Tom is driving a car. | ||
2. The cat is in the garden. | ||
3. Let's go to Seoul. | ||
| 代词(Pronoun) | 代替名词的词 | he, mine, everyone |
4. Tom drank most of the juice that he bought. | ||
5. His plan sounds just as exciting as mine. | ||
6. Everyone is welcome to join the party. | ||
| 动词(Verb) | 动作、状态(be动词/实义动词/情态动词) | is, played, can do |
7. We played football. | ||
8. Tom is tired. | ||
9. I feel ill. | ||
| 形容词(Adjective) | 修饰名词或充当状态对象补语 | beautiful, tired |
10. Look at the beautiful girl. | ||
11. Nan is beautiful. | ||
| 副词(Adverb) | 修饰动词、形容词或副词 | very, never, there |
12. Tom runs very fast. | ||
13. I never drink coffee. | ||
14. We will go there tomorrow. | ||
| 介词(Preposition) | 置于名词前,表示时间、地点或方向 | on, at, in, for |
15. My book is on the desk. | ||
16. The cat on the roof is cute. | ||
17. I am proud of my mother. | ||
| 连词(Conjunction) | 连接词、短语和分句 | and, when |
18. I like cats and dogs. | ||
19. You can call me when you need my help. | ||
| 感叹词(Interjection) | 表达情感 | Oops, Shh |
20. Oops, it's cold in here. | ||
21. Shh! Please don't talk during the film. | ||
句子成分 — 9槽位、6色图解
①主语→②动词→③对象→④背景是全球语法图解的基本扫描顺序。宾语和名词补语(补语1)以黄色表示为一般对象(General Target),状态对象补语(补语2)以桃色表示为状态对象(State Target)。两种类型都使用对象区域;具体结构和元素数量以各句已批准的分析结构为准。
句子成分的扫描顺序
- ①主语
- ②动词
- ③对象
- ④背景
| 成分 | 颜色 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语(Subject) | 红色 | 句子的主角 |
22. Salt is essential to life. | ||
23. Tom and Nan are in the classroom. | ||
24. How to do it is more important than what to do. | ||
| 动词(Verb) | 蓝色 | 主角的动作或情况 |
25. He did his best. | ||
26. My dad has been to Japan. | ||
27. I can do whatever you want. | ||
| 宾语/补语1(一般对象) | 黄色 | 承受动作的对象、名词补语 |
28. I ate a banana in the morning. | ||
29. My mom gave me a banana in the morning. | ||
| 补语2(状态对象) | 桃色 | 说明主语状态或特征的补语(例如例句031中的 tall and handsome)。 |
30. He is an English teacher. | ||
31. He is tall and handsome. | ||
32. You can call me a teacher. | ||
33. She makes me happy. | ||
| 副词1—背景(Background) | 绿色 | 时间、地点、伴随 |
| 副词2—抽象目的(Abstract) | 棕色 | 看不见的目的(为了~) |