第1章 — 句子成分与八大词类的概念

Main / Supporting

1. Tom is driving a car.

  1. 主语 · Tom
  2. 动作 · is driving
  3. 对象 · a car.

2. The cat is in the garden.

  1. 主语 · The cat
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 背景 · in the garden.

3. Let's go to Seoul.

  1. 主语 · you
  2. 动作 · Let's go
  3. 背景 · to Seoul.

4. Tom drank most of the juice that he bought.

  1. 主语 · Tom
  2. 动作 · drank
  3. 对象 · most of the juice that he bought.

5. His plan sounds just as exciting as mine.

  1. 主语 · His plan
  2. 动作 · sounds
  3. 对象(状态) · just as exciting
  4. 背景 · as mine.

6. Everyone is welcome to join the party.

  1. 主语 · Everyone
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 对象(状态) · welcome to join the party.

7. We played football.

  1. 主语 · We
  2. 动作 · played
  3. 对象 · football.

8. Tom is tired.

  1. 主语 · Tom
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 对象(状态) · tired.

9. I feel ill.

  1. 主语 · I
  2. 动作 · feel
  3. 对象(状态) · ill.

10. Look at the beautiful girl.

  1. 主语 · you
  2. 动作 · Look at
  3. 对象 · the beautiful girl.

11. Nan is beautiful.

  1. 主语 · Nan
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 对象(状态) · beautiful.

12. Tom runs very fast.

  1. 主语 · Tom
  2. 动作 · runs
  3. 背景 · very fast.

13. I never drink coffee.

  1. 主语 · I
  2. 动作 · never drink
  3. 对象 · coffee.

14. We will go there tomorrow.

  1. 主语 · We
  2. 动作 · will go
  3. 背景 · there
  4. 背景 · tomorrow.

15. My book is on the desk.

  1. 主语 · My book
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 背景 · on the desk.

16. The cat on the roof is cute.

  1. 主语 · The cat on the roof
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 对象(状态) · cute.

17. I am proud of my mother.

  1. 主语 · I
  2. 动作 · am
  3. 对象(状态) · proud of my mother.

18. I like cats and dogs.

  1. 主语 · I
  2. 动作 · like
  3. 对象 · cats and dogs.

19. You can call me when you need my help.

  1. 主语 · You
  2. 动作 · can call
  3. 对象 · me
  4. 背景 · when you need my help.

20. Oops, it's cold in here.

  1. 主语 · it
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 对象(状态) · cold
  4. 背景 · in here.

21. Shh! Please don't talk during the film.

  1. 主语 · you
  2. 动作 · don't talk
  3. 背景 · during the film.

22. Salt is essential to life.

  1. 主语 · Salt
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 对象(状态) · essential
  4. 背景 · to life.

23. Tom and Nan are in the classroom.

  1. 主语 · Tom and Nan
  2. 动作 · are
  3. 背景 · in the classroom.

24. How to do it is more important than what to do.

  1. 主语 · How to do it
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 对象(状态) · more important
  4. 背景 · than what to do.

25. He did his best.

  1. 主语 · He
  2. 动作 · did
  3. 对象 · his best.

26. My dad has been to Japan.

  1. 主语 · My dad
  2. 动作 · has been
  3. 背景 · to Japan.

27. I can do whatever you want.

  1. 主语 · I
  2. 动作 · can do
  3. 对象 · whatever you want.

28. I ate a banana in the morning.

  1. 主语 · I
  2. 动作 · ate
  3. 对象 · a banana
  4. 背景 · in the morning.

29. My mom gave me a banana in the morning.

  1. 主语 · My mom
  2. 动作 · gave
  3. 对象 · me
  4. 对象 · a banana
  5. 背景 · in the morning.

30. He is an English teacher.

  1. 主语 · He
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 对象 · an English teacher.

31. He is tall and handsome.

  1. 主语 · He
  2. 动作 · is
  3. 对象(状态) · tall and handsome.

32. You can call me a teacher.

  1. 主语 · You
  2. 动作 · can call
  3. 对象 · me a teacher.

33. She makes me happy.

  1. 主语 · She
  2. 动作 · makes
  3. 对象 · me happy.

第1章 — 句子成分与八大词类的概念

造句就像搭乐高积木。用语言描绘世界的景象、情境和现象,称为“故事”;构成故事的最基本语言单位,称为“句子”。句子成分(主语、谓语、宾语、补语、背景)是乐高的“框架(Frame)”,词类则是按照各个词的功能和意义分类的乐高“积木块(Blocks)”。英语有八大词类(名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词),也是全球语法图解的基准语言。在许多基本英语陈述句中,扫描顺序(①主语②动词③对象④背景)有助于分析句子成分,但实际词序可能因句子而异。

八大词类的概念与例句

名词按可数性可分为可数名词(a book, two chairs)和不可数名词(如 money)。专有名词(Tom)、抽象名词(hope)和物质名词则属于依据其他标准作出的分类。代词分为指示代词(this/that)、人称代词(I/mine)和不定代词(one/another)。动词有三类:be动词、实义动词和情态动词(心灵的力量:can/will/may/must/should);形容词可以修饰名词,也可以充当状态对象补语。

词类说明英语示例
名词(Noun)人、事物、地点的名称a book, Tom, Seoul

1. Tom is driving a car.

2. The cat is in the garden.

3. Let's go to Seoul.

代词(Pronoun)代替名词的词he, mine, everyone

4. Tom drank most of the juice that he bought.

5. His plan sounds just as exciting as mine.

6. Everyone is welcome to join the party.

动词(Verb)动作、状态(be动词/实义动词/情态动词)is, played, can do

7. We played football.

8. Tom is tired.

9. I feel ill.

形容词(Adjective)修饰名词或充当状态对象补语beautiful, tired

10. Look at the beautiful girl.

11. Nan is beautiful.

副词(Adverb)修饰动词、形容词或副词very, never, there

12. Tom runs very fast.

13. I never drink coffee.

14. We will go there tomorrow.

介词(Preposition)置于名词前,表示时间、地点或方向on, at, in, for

15. My book is on the desk.

16. The cat on the roof is cute.

17. I am proud of my mother.

连词(Conjunction)连接词、短语和分句and, when

18. I like cats and dogs.

19. You can call me when you need my help.

感叹词(Interjection)表达情感Oops, Shh

20. Oops, it's cold in here.

21. Shh! Please don't talk during the film.

句子成分 — 9槽位、6色图解

①主语→②动词→③对象→④背景是全球语法图解的基本扫描顺序。宾语和名词补语(补语1)以黄色表示为一般对象(General Target),状态对象补语(补语2)以桃色表示为状态对象(State Target)。两种类型都使用对象区域;具体结构和元素数量以各句已批准的分析结构为准。

句子成分的扫描顺序

  1. ①主语
  2. ②动词
  3. ③对象
  4. ④背景
成分颜色说明
主语(Subject)红色句子的主角

22. Salt is essential to life.

23. Tom and Nan are in the classroom.

24. How to do it is more important than what to do.

动词(Verb)蓝色主角的动作或情况

25. He did his best.

26. My dad has been to Japan.

27. I can do whatever you want.

宾语/补语1(一般对象)黄色承受动作的对象、名词补语

28. I ate a banana in the morning.

29. My mom gave me a banana in the morning.

补语2(状态对象)桃色说明主语状态或特征的补语(例如例句031中的 tall and handsome)。

30. He is an English teacher.

31. He is tall and handsome.

32. You can call me a teacher.

33. She makes me happy.

副词1—背景(Background)绿色时间、地点、伴随
副词2—抽象目的(Abstract)棕色看不见的目的(为了~)
POINT英语是全球语法图解的基准语言。八大词类用于给词语分类,六色句子成分则表示词语在句子中的作用;同一个词也可能因作用不同而采用不同颜色。主语→动词→对象→背景是分析句子成分的参考顺序,并非适用于所有句子的词序规则。有些成分可能不直接说出,也可能重复出现;表达的位置也会变化,因此实际词序应以各语言的原句为准。